Phần mềm không có khả năng thích nghi, vì mỗi sự đột biến của nó dù nhỏ nhất đều cần được quyết định của hội đồng và nhiều tuần kiểm định

Khái niệm:: Hệ thống thông tin
Medicine is a complex adaptive system: it is made up of many interconnected, multilayered parts, and it is meant to evolve with time and changing conditions. Software is not. It is complex, but it does not adapt. That is the heart of the problem for its users, us humans.

Adaptation requires two things: mutation and selection. Mutation produces variety and deviation; selection kills off the least functional mutations. Our old, craft-based, pre-computer system of professional practice—in medicine and in other fields—was all mutation and no selection. There was plenty of room for individuals to do things differently from the norm; everyone could be an innovator. But there was no real mechanism for weeding out bad ideas or practices.

Computerization, by contrast, is all selection and no mutation. Leaders install a monolith, and the smallest changes require a committee decision, plus weeks of testing and debugging to make sure that fixing the daylight-saving-time problem, say, doesn’t wreck some other, distant part of the system.

Trích từ:: Why Doctors Hate Their Computers | The New Yorker
Nhiệm vụ của kiến trúc sư không phải là liệt kê hết các tình huống sẽ xảy ra, mà là thiết kế để dù các tình huống không ngờ tới xảy ra thì vẫn hoạt động ổn định